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The chemical industry plays a vital role in China's economy, serving as both a foundational and pillar sector. Its growth significantly influences various aspects of the national economy, making it a key player in industrial development. Since the reform and opening-up policy, the industry has experienced remarkable progress, evolving into a diverse sector encompassing over 20 sub-industries such as salt chemistry, coal chemistry, petrochemicals, fine chemicals, and more. With over 40,000 product varieties, China ranks first globally in the production of calcium carbide, dyes, and synthetic ammonia, second in fertilizers, pesticides, and soda ash, and third in sulfuric acid and caustic soda. The chemical industry's global influence continues to grow, drawing increasing international attention.
The "Kyoto Protocol" marked a significant step in global efforts to combat climate change by setting legally binding targets for developed nations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Although developing countries like China are not required to meet strict emission limits, its carbon dioxide emissions rank second globally, with high levels of other gases such as methane and nitrous oxide. As developed countries implement emission reduction strategies, this will inevitably affect developing economies, particularly energy-intensive sectors like the chemical industry, which must now prepare for stricter environmental regulations.
Chemical production is closely linked to global warming due to its heavy reliance on fossil fuels and high energy consumption. The industry not only consumes large amounts of energy but also uses carbon-based raw materials like oil, natural gas, and coal. This results in significant emissions of greenhouse gases. Additionally, the chemical industry produces substantial waste, including wastewater, exhaust gases, and solid waste, which contribute to environmental pollution. Energy conservation, resource efficiency, and environmental protection have become essential for the sustainable development of the sector.
Under the Kyoto Protocol, six greenhouse gases—carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride—are targeted for reduction. The chemical industry, being a major energy consumer, faces challenges in reducing emissions. In 2002, China’s chemical industry consumed 145 million tons of standard coal, accounting for 18.2% of the manufacturing sector’s total energy use. When including related industries like petrochemicals and plastics, the total reaches over 271 million tons, representing nearly one-third of the country’s total energy consumption.
While carbon dioxide remains the primary concern, non-COâ‚‚ gases like methane and nitrous oxide also play a significant role. However, their sources are often linked to agriculture rather than the chemical industry. On the other hand, fluorinated gases like HFCs and PFCs, used in refrigeration and foaming processes, have extremely high global warming potential and long atmospheric lifetimes. These substances, though crucial for protecting the ozone layer, are now under strict control due to their impact on climate change.
The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol has had a profound effect on the chemical industry, especially in terms of energy efficiency, substitution, and CO₂ recycling. Improving energy efficiency is critical, as China’s energy consumption per unit of GDP is much higher than the global average. For example, the energy consumption for producing synthetic ammonia in China is significantly higher than in developed countries. This highlights the need for technological upgrades and better management practices.
Energy substitution is another important strategy. While foreign chemical industries rely heavily on oil and natural gas, China still depends largely on coal. This presents challenges, but opportunities exist for transitioning to cleaner alternatives, such as using natural gas instead of coal in certain processes.
COâ‚‚ recycling is also gaining traction. Many chemical processes generate high concentrations of COâ‚‚, which can be captured and reused. For instance, in the production of synthetic ammonia and soda ash, COâ‚‚ recovery is already practiced. However, the lack of advanced technologies and high costs remain barriers to widespread adoption.
Resource conservation and recycling are essential for sustainable development. China’s per capita fossil fuel reserves are low, making efficient use of resources even more critical. Recycling waste plastics, improving fertilizer efficiency, and reducing material waste can all help lower emissions and support long-term sustainability.
As China continues its rapid industrialization, the chemical industry must balance growth with environmental responsibility. While foreign companies may transfer some high-emission projects to China, it is crucial to ensure that these transfers include advanced pollution control technologies. Otherwise, increased emissions could undermine environmental goals.
Finally, the opportunity to attract international capital and technology through mechanisms like the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) offers a pathway for China’s chemical industry to improve its environmental performance while boosting economic growth. By embracing energy-efficient technologies and promoting sustainable development, the industry can play a key role in mitigating climate change and supporting a greener future.